A method used by the EGO to ward off threats from the id, superego, or external world, and to reduce the corresponding anxiety. Most defense mechanisms operated unconsciously, making possible the primary goal of self-deception.
Denial of reality
Refusing to believe, or even perceive, some threat in the external world; a defense mechanism.
Displacement
Transferring behaviors or emotions, often unconsciously , from one object to another that is less threatening: a defense mechanism.
Fantasy (daydreaming)
Gratifying unfulfilled needs by imagining situations in which they are satisfied; a defense mechanism.
Identification
(1) Reducing painful feelings of self-contempt by becoming like objects that are illustrious and admired, such as idols, aggressors, or lost loves; a defense mechanism.
(2) The healthy desire to become like one’s parents.
Intellectulization
Unconsciously separating threatening emotions from the associated thoughts or events and reacting on only an intellectual level; a defense mechanism.
Introjection
Unconsciously incorporating someone else’s values or personal qualities into one’s own personality.
Projection
Unconsciously attributing one’s own threatening impulse, emotions, or beliefs to other people or things; a defense mechanism.
Rationalization
Using and believing superficially plausible explanations in order to justify illicit behavior and reduce feelings of guilt; a defense mechanism.
Reaction formation
Repressing threatening beliefs, emotions, or impulses and unconsciously replacing them with their opposites: a defense mechanism.
Regression
(1) Unconsciously adopting behavior typical of an earlier and safer time in one’s life; a defense mechanism.
(2) A reverse flow of libido to an object previously abandoned, or to an earlier psychosexual stage.
Repression
Unconsciously eliminated threatening material from consciousness and using anticathexes to prevent it from regaining consciousness, thus being unable to recall it; a defense mechanism.
Sublimination
Unconsciously channeling illicit instinctual impulses into socially acceptable behavior. A form of displacement, but one that represents ideal behavior.
Undoing
Unconsciously adopting ritualistic behaviors that symbolically negate previous actions or thoughts that cause feelings of guilt; a defense mechanism.
PSY102: Psychology of Personality, Prof. T.R. Tharney
Ewen, Robert B. An Introduction to Theories of Personality: Sixth Edition. Mahawah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 2003.
Anticathexis (counter-cathexis)
Psychic energy that is used by the ego to oppose a dangerous or immoral cathexis.
Anxiety
A highly unpleasant emotion similar to intense nervousness. The three types are:
Realistic or objective anxiety: (related to threats in the external world)
Neurotic anxiety: (related to powerful id impulses)
and Moral anxiety: (related to the superego’s standards of right and wrong)
Castration anxiety
The boy’s fear that his sexual organ will be removed as punishment for his Oedipal wishes.
Cathexis
Psychic energy that is invested in a mental representation of an object. The stronger the cathexis, the greater the amount of psychic energy and the more the object is desired.
Conscious
The part of personality that includes material of which one is aware.
Drive
(1) A psychological state of tension and discomfort that is caused by a physiological state of tension and discomfort that is caused by a physiological (bodily) need.
(2) Sometimes use as an synonym for instinct.
Drive Reduction
Eliminating or decreasing the discomfort and tension of a drive, which satisfies the underlying physiological need. To Freud, the major source of pleasure.
Eros
A synonym for the sexual instinct.
Erotogenic zone
An area of the body that is capable of producing erotic gratification when stimulated.
Instinct
An innate motivating force that is activated by a need. The two types are sexual and destructive (aggressive).
Libido
The psychic energy associated with the sexual instinct; sometimes used to refer to both sexual and destructive energy.
Narcissism
Self-love; the investment of one’s own self with libido.
Object
Whatever will satisfy an activated instinct. May be an inanimate entity, a person, or even something fanciful and irrational.
Oedipus complex
Powerful feelings of love for the parent of the opposite sex and hostile jealousy for the parent of the same sex,
TOGETHER with powerful feelings of love for the parent of the same sex and hostile jealousy for the parent of the opposite sex.
The former set of attitudes is usually, but not always, the stronger.
Over-determination
A term referring to the numerous, complicated causes of most behavior.
Parapraxis
An apparent accident that is caused by unconscious mental processes, and therefore indicates one’s real feelings and beliefs; a “Freudian slip”
Penis envy
The girl’s jealousy of the boy’s protruding sexual organ.
Pleasure principle
The goal underlying all human behavior, to achieve pleasure and avoid unpleasure (pain).
Preconscious
The part of personality that includes material that is not within one’s awareness, but can be readily be brought to mind.
Primal scene
Observing one’s parents’ sexual intercourse.
Primary process
The chaotic, irrational mode of thought representative of the ID.
Psychic determinism
The principle that nothing in the psyche happens by chance; all mental activity has a prior cause.
Psychic energy
The “fuel” that powers all mental activity; an unobservable, abstract construct.
Psycho-analysis
(1) The name Freud gave to his theory of personality.
(2) The method of psychotherapy devised by Freud.
Reality principle
Delaying the discharge of tension until a suitable object has been found; a function of the EGO.
Secondary process
The logical, self-preservative, problem-solving mode of thought representative of the EGO.
Unconscious
The part of personality that includes materials that is not within one’s awareness and cannot readily be brought to mind. To Freud, most of personality is unconscious.
Wish-fulfillment
Forming a mental image of an object that will satisfy a need; a function of the id.
At the conclusion of the ‘Seven years war’ in 1763 British contempt for the American colonists came to a fever pitch. They were, dissatisfied with the colonist performance in the conflict and dismissed their role in the effort to defeat the French and the Indians in North America. They thought of the colonist as ungrateful, and took full credit for the victory (Reilly). Their scornful attitudes toward the American colonists multiplied as a result of the illegal trade between the colonists and the French. American merchants traded animal pelts with the Indians and smuggled molasses with the French during the war. American merchants did so to avoid paying the six pence per gallon tax imposed by the Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733. British leaders were angry with this and looked upon colonists and smuggling as treasonous. They utterly believed that it was the root cause of extension of the war and reason behind a £123 million war debt (Roark 139).
This huge debt compounded with the dramatic change in British attitudes toward the colonist provided a series of British Parliamentary leaders throughout the 1760s with justification to exert control over the colonial legislature and institute policy that coerced colonists to pay the growing debt (Reilly). The colonist thought differently, spoiled by Briton’s fifty year policy of ‘Salutary Neglect’ they became bold and defiant to British demands (”History of Colonial America“). Colonist believed that their rights and liberties as British subjects were being violated (Roark 139).
In 1760, George III became king; he was young and naive and did not know who he could trust. So he appointed the Earl of Bute, his Scottish tutor, as his Prime minister (Roark 138). Bute also inexperienced made mistakes and the one that is engraved in history is his decisions to keep British Troops in North America after the last battle in 1760. Bute’s decision started a chain reaction that eventually led to the American Revolution. Bute’s excuse for the presence of Troops in the colonies was to keep an eye on French leftovers in Quebec (Reilly) and to respond to the Indian threat (Roark 137).
Bute’s decision was vindicated in 1763 three months after the “Peace of Paris” was signed (Reilly). Pontiac the Indian chief of the Ottawa tribe of northern Ohio led an attack against a British fort near Detroit. This sparked off a series of attacks that involved other tribes from New York, the Ohio Valley, and the Great Lakes region on British forts and frontier settlements. When it was over some 2,000 British soldiers, traders, and settlers were dead (Roark 138). Although ‘Pontiacs Uprising’ was put down by the end of 1763 by colonial and British soldiers, the tension between American Indians and the ‘white man’ were still high (Reilly), and led King George III to issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (”American Revolution”).
The royal Edict prohibited colonists from settling on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains (Roark 138) and required all lands within the Indian Territory occupied by Englishmen to be abandoned. British leaders wanted to establish a policy toward Indians before settlers settled there, and decide what they were going to do with the Indians (”Royal Proclamation of 1763″). The Proclamation was meant to separate Indians and settlers and minimize the violence between the two groups (”Royal Proclamation of 1763″).
The Proclamation also outlined a list of illegal activities and provided for enforcement of new laws (Reilly). It restricted trade with the Indians only to licensed traders appointed by colonial governors, and outlawed the private sales of Indian land. It was also a means for the British to control the settlers and keep them on the east coast, so they would be easier to supervise. The Proclamation Irritated colonist some obeyed the Edict and moved back to the east side of the Appalachian Mountains and some stayed knowing full well that had no protection (Reilly). Land speculators did not want to give up their claims to these lands and wouldn’t lose the chance to make a profit from the sale of land to surging population looking to buy it up (Reilly).
British officials had to address the huge debt incurred by the war and fund the standing army in the American colonies. They knew they were going to have a hard time raising the money to reduce the deficit. At the time citizens in England were already heavily taxed. They knew it would be difficult to get them to pay more (Reilly), and needed to find another way to raise the capital if they wanted to pay down their debt. They also needed to deal with the smuggling problem they were having in North America. They felt smuggling cost them money because people smuggled to avoid paying taxes (”Stamp Act”). Especially for molasses, because it was cheaper to bribe officials and smuggle then to pay the six pence per gallon tax.
King George III turned to a series of prime minister to address a huge war debt, an ongoing expense of supporting a standing Army in the colonies, and an empire wide smuggling problem (Reilly). In 1763 George Grenville replaced the Earl of Bute and attempted to tackle England’s financial woes with ‘The Revenue Act of 1764′ also so know as the Sugar Act. Greenville’s Sugar Act modified the Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733. It reduced the tax on molasses from six pence per gallon to three pence per gallon (Reilly) and improved enforcement by increasing the amount of paperwork needed to prove cargo was legal. ‘The Sugar Act’ also raised penalties for smuggling, if a merchant was caught with smuggled sugar they would lose their entire cargo, and would be tried at a Vice Admiralty court in Nova Scotia (Reilly). The idea was to make smuggling difficult, expensive and a nuisance so that merchants would stop smuggling and just pay the tax (Reilly).
Grenville’s Sugar Act also increased the length of the Navigational Acts enumerated products list which included certain wines, coffee, pimiento, and fabrics, and even regulated the export of lumber and iron. Under the Navigational Acts products shipped within the British Empire had to be shipped to England first, and then shipped to other colonies (”United States History”). This was a way to restrict trade that benefitted English merchants and increased the amount of money the British received in taxes, a way for them to double dip (Reilly). This enforcement of taxes on molasses caused an instant drop in business for the rum industry in the colonies.
The overall effect of the new duties sharply reduced trade with the Canary Islands and the French West Indies, which were important destinations for American made products. Grenville’s Sugar Act disrupted the colonial economy by reducing colonial access to markets for their products and made British goods too expensive to buy (”Sugar and Molasses Acts”). The American colonist reaction to the Sugar act varied (Reilly). Southern colonists were not concerned as much as their Northern neighbors mainly because smuggling was not as widespread there as it was in New England (Reilly).
Smuggling was a lucrative part of the shipping business In New England and New Englanders responded with a non-importation movement (Reilly). New Englanders argued that once the British parliament realizes they can tax them and get away with it they will do it more and more; gradually shifting the tax burden from the voters in England, to whom they are accountable, to the colonist who can’t vote them out of office (Reilly). American merchants insisted it wasn’t the smuggling they were griping about, it was the way of taxing them, they were complaining about and it was not fair. Grenville’s Sugar Act and the Currency act that followed catalyzed and unified American attitudes towards defiance when the news of the Stamp Act reached the colonies seven months before it was enacted.
Greenville’s Sugar Act failed to make any significant impact on the England’s national debt, so in an attempt to generate other revenue the Stamp Act was passed In February 1765. The Stamp Act of 1765 required the American colonists to apply tax stamps to all official documents, including deeds, mortgages, newspapers, and pamphlets which angered publishers and affected the most powerful of colonial society (”Stamp Act”). News of The Stamp Act arrived to the colonies seven months prior to its effect (Roark 142). Many colonists were dissatisfied with parliaments attempt to imposed this tax especially when the tax would be imposed during an economic downturn in the colonies.
Colonist argued that the stamp act was worse than the Sugar Act. In response a secret patriotic society called the Sons of Liberty was established. Samuel Adams led the group to oppose the Stamp Act. The Sons of Liberty was made up of men mainly shopkeepers, craftsman, dockworkers, and laborers. They protested in the streets and incited mobs to attack official stamp agents and destroy their property (Roark 143).
A number of the colonial assemblies adopted resolutions that officially protested the act. The House of Burgess in Virginia was the first to pass a series of resolutions on the Stamp Act that came to be known as the Virginia Resolves (Roark 142). Newspapers from all over the American colonies published the resolutions and stoked the fire of American opposition to the Stamp Act. Other Colonial assemblies followed suit and began to question Parliament’s authority to tax them, they distinguished between internal and external legislation intended on creating taxes.
In October, one month before the Stamp Act was to go into effect, the Stamp Act Congress met in New York to discuss ways of protesting the tax. Colonial merchants agreed to stop importing British goods, Colonists would refused to use the stamps on business papers, and courts would not enforce their use on legal documents. No ‘taxation without representation’ was their battle cry (Reilly).
The loss of trade and fears that the colonies would not pay their debts stirred up opposition to the Stamp Act among the British merchants. They complained to British Parliament and in 1766, the Stamp Act was rescinded. However the British government passed the Declaratory Act, which asserted Parliaments right to tax the colonies. The resistance to the Stamp Act unified American colonists and gave them the confidence to demand more political control over themselves.
After the Stamp Act was abolished in 1766 a group of men known as the Sons of Liberty pushed to shift united attitudes of protest against unjust taxation, towards independence. The Sons of Liberty had many local chapters, and formed Committees of Correspondence to encourage resistance to tyrannical British economic and political actions. They also helped enforce the policy of nonimportation, by which American merchants agreed to refuse to import goods carried in British ships. In 1774, this group of men took part in assembling together a meeting of representatives from all the American colonies to form the Continental Congress.
The Declaratory Act of 1766 reasserting parliamentary authority and claimed that parliament had the right to pass any legislation it chose for the colonies. Many colonists celebrated March 18th as a holiday the day the stamp act was appealed. They ignored the declaratory act and its significance and became bolder, more unrepentant, and undisciplined. Americans felt they had won and forced parliament to back down and could do it again if they wanted to. The relationship between the colonies and England would never be the same; both sides were steadily becoming more suspicious, hostile, and stubborn in their positions.
1763 marked a major turning point in the relationship between the American Colonies and the rest of British Empire. The huge debt created as the result of the ‘Seven years war’ was blamed on the colonist because of their smuggling. The contempt for the colonist evolved into justification to strengthen the Empire’s grip on them. Fifty years of ‘Salutatory Neglect’ gave the American colonists an opportunity to grow politically and economically. It permitted them to develop their own identity separate from England and give them justification to rebel against British attempts to manipulate, control, and tax them. The end of the conflict against the French in North American and the huge debt incurred combined with the Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act led to escalation of American rebellion against many British attempts to tax, punish, and control them. The Sons of Liberty unified the American colonies and focused their attention towards Independence.
Works Cited
“American Revolution “ Microsoft Encarta 2007. 16 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation
“History of Colonial America.”Microsoft Encarta 2007. 16 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation
Reilly, Gretchen Ann. “American History before 1870.” Podcast. Dr. Gretchen Ann Reilly. iTunes. August 2007. Temple College Temple, TX, 2006. <http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=212324647>
Roark, James L., et al. The American Promise: A Compact History, Third Edition. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.
“Royal Proclamation of 1763.” Microsoft Encarta 2007. 16 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation (”Stamp Act”) Microsoft Encarta 2007. 16 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation (”Sugar and Molasses Acts”) Microsoft Encarta 2007. 16 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation
“United States History.” Microsoft Encarta 2007. 16 ed. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft Corporation
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Advertiiser 4 The OneT Touch Ultra2 Meter (Blo ood Glucose e Monitoring g System), $6 69.99, By Johnson & Johnso on Company y, Milpitas, C California. uch Ultra2 M Meter needs just a speck k of blood fo or results in 5 5 The OneTou seconds. It allows our a audience to test on their fingers, forearms, or palms. The e two‐way sc crolling butt tons and a backlight mak ke it easy to read and opera ate. It Includ des a before and after m meal averages feature to help our audie ence managi ing diabetes easily. Our targeted audience is vigilant t when it com mes to their r health and the OneTouch Ulltra2 M Meter can he elp them manage their diabetes bett ter. Johnson n & Johnson n is a househ hold name, o one that our targeted audience e can depen nd for quality y and dependable produ ucts. COM101: Ma ass Communications, MWF, 1:25 ‐2:20 Prof.Gouveia, M Midterm Project: “ “Viva Las Vegas: A A senior citizen’s guide to Sin City” Fa all 2008 Advertiiser 5 Kodak EA ASYSHARE M M1020 Digita al Frame, $2 229.95 By The Ea astman Kodak Company y, Rochester, NY The e Kodak EASYSHARE M1 1020 Digital Frame is an easy and sim mple way to store an nd share pho otos. Its 10.2 inch displa ay is perfect for vie ewing impor rtant momen nts. Our targ geted audien nce can store e up to o 300 picture es directly on n the M1020 0’s 128 MB o of internal memory or use the two a m available SD card slots to o view and e enjoy even more p e pictures. The ey can set the e mood with h music and Listen to the eir favorite M MP3s with th he M1020’s built‐in speakers. Th he M1020 is s Simple to u use; and the unique touc ch screen bord der keeps fin ngerprints off the viewin ng screen so o our audiences’ images stay y beautiful. T The touch pa anel features ghts that illu uminate to te ell them exactly where t to touch. And it’s easy to o create, edi it yellow lig and view w slideshows. They can st tart viewing g their pictur res right awa ay; just inser rt a memory card or USB flash drive. Our audience is familiar with Kod dak products and the br rand has built a relations ship of trust with them. Th he Kodak M1 1020 digital f frame allows s our audien nce to experience the sp pecial moments in their li ives in a new w, easy, and exciting way y. It allows them to take e all of their memories w with them wit thout having g to carry aro ound large p photo album ms. COM101: Ma ass Communications, MWF, 1:25 ‐2:20 Prof.Gouveia, M Midterm Project: “ “Viva Las Vegas: A A senior citizen’s guide to Sin City” Fa all 2008 JAC CKPOT T! WHERE T FIND TH BEST SLO WITH TH BIGGEST PAYOUTS TO HE OTS HE T In this article I will inform my audience on w where the slo ots with the biggest payo outs are on a and trip. I will tal lk about the different kind of slot ga ames and de escribe how t they can off the st maximize e a bet to inc crease their chance of a big payout. I will describe the different slot par rlors in the city, and which h casinos giv ve the best c comps to the eir slot playin ng customer rs. I will intr roduce my audience to n new slot gam mes and inte erview recent Jackpot wi inners (Preferab bly Seniors). I will ask qu uestions about their strategies and h how they pla ay the game. I will find o out about an ny pregame rituals, and where their r favorite pla aces to play are located. CHE EATS EAP THE BES BUFFETS IN VEGAS ST Cheap Ea ats is a sectio on that featu ures the bes st places in L Las Vegas to dine. In this s issue we w will feature the top ten b best buffets in town and d rank them on price, sel lection, port tion, and qua ality. We will interview the e chefs at ea ach casino w who prepare the foods. W We will ask q questions like: “What ar re you favorite dishes to o prepare? W Where did yo ou learn to cook? Which buffet is yo our favorite, besides you ur own? We will d describe our dining expe erience to ou ur audience, and explain n if there are e any extras not included in the price of the buffe et (such as d drinks, gratui ity, etc). We’ll end the article by reviewing the desert ts offered at our top ten, and get the e recipes fro om the chefs s who prepare them. JERS BOYS SEY B A BACKS STAGE LOOK AT THE VENETION’S H K HOTTEST NEW SHOW In every issue of Viva a Las Vegas m magazine ou ur readers w will find “Best t of Vegas” s section. Insid de this sec ction reader rs will find re eviews of the e City’s vario ous entertainment venu ues. In this issue we are e featuring S Sin City’s hot ttest new show “Jersey B Boys” playin ng at the Venetian Resort Hotel Casino. We wil ll go backsta age during re ehearsals and describe to our readers what it looks like and d we’ll work k with the pr roduction cre ew and repo ort on what it takes to bring a show w like Jersey Boys to life. We will inte erview the st tars of the show and ask k questio ons like: “Ho ow did you g get into actin ng? Who are e your favorit te actors or actress ses? What w was your first t Vegas expe erience like? ? COM101: Ma ass Communications, MWF, 1:25 ‐2:20 Prof.Gouveia, M Midterm Project: “ “Viva Las Vegas: A A senior citizen’s guide to Sin City” Fa all 2008 COVER P PAGE Image: (Paris, Paris s, Eiffel Towe er Restauran nt) taken by Joseph Eulo o, July 14, 20 008, Las Vegas NV. PAGE HE EADER Image e (Outline of f the Vegas S Skyline): for Targeted Au udience, Five e Advertisers s, Letter fro om Editor, Th hree Article, and Magaz zine Resource es. http://ww ww.dreamst time.com/a‐ ‐little‐less‐ta alk‐a‐little‐m more‐action‐i image46343 347 TARGETE ED AUDIENC CE, Images: Right t corner top (couple usin ng laptop) http:/ //cachens.co orbis.com/CorbisImage/ /170/17/37/ /59/1737595 50/42‐17375 5950.jpg Right t corner bott tom (couple e on beach) http:/ //cachens.co orbis.com/CorbisImage/ /170/20/05/ /53/2005531 19/42‐20055 5319.jpg Left m middle (coup ple playing c chess) http:/ //pro.corbis.com/images s/42‐ 17419408.jpg?siz ze=572&uid= ={e6d9f93e‐ ‐0212‐463c‐a a0f5‐4245d6 6c3d6b7} FIVE ADV VERTISERS: Adve ertiser 1: Cen ntrum Silver r, by Wyeth Consumer H Healthcare, Im mage: http:/ //ecx.image es‐amazon.co om/images/ /I/318HMWn noztL._SL500 0_AA280_.jp pg Product Info: : http://www w.centrum.c com/ Adve ertiser 2: The e Jitterbug, b by GreatCall l, Inc. Im mage: http:/ //www.jitter rbug.com/ Product Info: : http://www w.jitterbug.c com/ Adve ertiser 3: 200 09 Winnebago View 24P P, by Winneb bago Industries, Inc. Im mage: http:/ //www.winn nebagoind.co om/ Product Info: : http://www w.winnebago oind.com/pr roducts/ Adve ertiser 4: The e OneTouch Ultra2 Meter, by Johns son & Johnso on Company y Im mage: http:/ //www.yorks shirediabete es.com/medi ia/Meters/u ultra2.jpg Product Info: : http://www w.lifescan.co om/products s/meters/ult tra2/ ertiser 5: Kod dak EASYSHARE M1020 Digital Fram me, by The E Eastman Kod dak Co. Adve Im mage: http:/ //www.koda ak.com/ Product Info: : http://www w.kodak.com m/ FROM EDITO OR Image: taken by Paul Chambers, J July 14, 2008, Las Vegas s Nevada LETTER F THREE ARTICLES Ima age: (poker c chips) http:// //thumbs.dre eamstime.co om/1211249 9273×31aH6 6.jpg Im mage: (cards s) http://thu umbs.dreams stime.com/1 11527914645 590fGo.jpg COM101: Ma ass Communications, MWF, 1:25 ‐2:20 Prof.Gouveia, M Midterm Project: “ “Viva Las Vegas: A A senior citizen’s guide to Sin City” Fa all 2008
Psychology 102: Psychology of Personality UNIT I, Lecture Notes
Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:00 to 12:20 with Prof. T.R. Tharney
Subscribe to my PSY 102 class notes. You can download recorded lectures, in class videos, handouts, study guides, and my class notes by clicking on one of the following links: iTunes, Miro, Pando, or RSS
Day 3, 1st Lecture Tuesday 9/11/08: (click play button above to hear lecture)
Handed out Syllabus, talked about change to syllabus, Unit 1 to remain the same, Unit 2 & 3 may change.
Personality Psychology Handout 1 of Unit 1 (5 pages): Study sheet for Unit 1 test, covers Personality Theory, Important Terms & Concepts, and Characteristics to Traditional Approaches to Personality (European and British-American Approaches)
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